Why is the Strong Force so much stronger than all the rest of the forces

As previous respondents have said there currently is no reason why. We don't have an answer as to why, yet. We can speculate, but there is no real reason. One idea that arises from super-symmetry is that all four forces were once one "super force" and perhaps the way they separated during the Big Bang has something to do with it, but we wouldn't know exactly how it happened. This is one theory as to what the four forces were like during the split seconds after the Big Bang and a possible answer to your question, but it is a good question.

We could say that the carrier of the strong force, the gluon, has a higher coupling constant than the other two known carriers (currently, theorists haven't found the carrier of gravity if one even exists). When something has a higher coupling constant it takes more force or energy for the carrier of the force to interact with each other. This can be used to explain why the strong force acts over such small distances, but still doesn't answer your question completely. The coupling constant for the strong force is 1 a_s and is 137 times stronger than the electromagnetic force, 1 million times as strong as the weak force, and 10^39 times as strong as gravity.

First of all, you should note that although it's not false what you're saying, the only particles sensible to the strong interaction are those made up of quarks (well, and the gluons too). So, as far as electrons (and other leptons) are concerned, the strongest force they "feel" is electromagnetic.

That doesn't answer your question, of course. As far as I know, this isn't something that is answered in the Standard Model; so you can be call that question a "research subject", i.e. not yet answered. You COULD ask, for example, what would a universe be like where the strong force mediating the interactions between quarks and gluons, was actually weaker than the force felt by those quarks under the electromagnetic interaction for example. One of the consequences would be that it'd be impossible to form *stable* atomic nuclei more complex than deuterium or titrium; helium and others would be right out, because in that universe the repulsion between protons would overcome the strong binding between them.