What kind of fuel do shuttle rockets use

And how many gallons does it take to send a shuttle into space?

You can Google the NASA pages for information on the shuttle.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/abou…
Currently, no fuel and no gallons, the three shuttles are in museums or on the way there.
The boosters used an aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate that makes a rubber compound. The shuttle motors used liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that came from the 1960s NASA programs like Apollo and Centaur. The auxiliary motors used hypergolic fuels that Nazi scientists developed eight decades ago.

Well, they don't use any anymore as the shuttle fleet has been retired. When they were in service, though, the shuttle craft itself used a liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen combination.

To get off the ground, though, the shuttle required the assistance of two solid rocket boosters (SRBs; those are the two white rockets you see on the sides of the big orange tank during launch), which use, as their name suggests, a solid fuel composed of ammonium perchlorate, aluminum, iron oxide, and polymer, and epoxy.

Here's a link for you:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/articl…

Liquid Oxygen