EXPLAIN HOW A SCIENTIST WOULD USE THE TECHNIQUES OF GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, RESTRICTION ENZYMES, PCR, DNA SEQUENCING, AND CLONING TO STUDY GENOMES AND/OR FOR GENETIC ENGINEERING. EXPLAIN EPIGENETICS AND HOW IT COULD CHANGE EXPECTED MENDELIAN RATIOS.
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YOU SEQUENCE GENOMES, GENERALLY USING SEQUENCERS. SANGER SEQUENCING HAS BEEN USED IN THE PAST, AND IS UNDOUBTEDLY USEFUL, BUT IT IS FAR MORE TEDIOUS THAN MODERN HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING METHODS. OF COURSE, TO STUDY A GENE, YOU COULD ISOLATE IT WITH RESTRICTION ENZYMES, AMPLIFY IT WITH PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION), SEPARATE AND ISOLATE IT BETTER WITH ELECTROPHORESIS AND GEL ELUTION AND THEN DO WHATEVER YOU WANT TO WITH IT. EPIGENETICS INVOLVES EXTRANEOUS (POSSIBLY ENVIRONMENTAL, BUT ALWAYS OUTSIDE THE DNA) STIMULI AFFECTING THE ORGANISM'S GENOME.