What size capacitor would i need to charge a cell phone within 30 minutes

and what would be a good circuit board and configuration with that so it wont fry the circuits of the cirit board or phone?

That depends on the voltage, and capacity of your cell phone battery in milli-ampere-hours, neither of which you have listed.

The charging rate is determined by both the capacitor, and the resistance in series with it.

Rather than aim for 30 minutes charge time, I'd recommend a constant-current circuit, using an op-amp with a capacitor for feedback. Set the current for 0.1 times the mAh of your battery, with a shutoff when the applied voltage reaches full charge, using a comparator. If you keep the current to 0.1, you won't have to worry about frying anything.