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Horizontal gene transfer is the exchange of DNA between bacteria. If you include following your biology teacher will be happy.
A classical experiment where they had 2 strains of bacteria one lethal and one harmless was used in the 19th century to study why certain bacteria where harm full and other bacteria where harmless.
What they did they infected a mouse with lethal mix and sure enough mouse died. Infection with harmless bacteria gave no effect. Now it was known by pasteur that when you heated bacteria they lost their ability to be lethal (they died). And sure enough when the mice was infected with the lethal bacteria the mice died. Now the researcher got creative what would happen if you put the heated lethal mixture in the UNheated non-lethal group. Now when the mice where infected with the heated-lethal-unheated-nonlethal mixture the mice died. This was a great finding surely some factor of the heated-lethal was still able to kill the mice. They spend years finding what this was and they found it was a strange molecule that was only found in nucleus.
Now we know that this factor was DNA and they stumbled on horizontal gen transfer. Horizontal gene transfer is defined to be the movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides. It is most often thought of as a sexual process that requires a mechanism for the mobilization of chromosomal DNA among bacterial cells. However, because they are unable to reproduce sexually, bacterial species have acquired several mechanisms by which to exchange genetic materials.
1. Transformation - the uptake of naked DNA is a common mode of horizontal gene transfer that can mediate the exchange of any part of a chromosome; this process is most common in bacteria that are naturally transformable; typically only short DNA fragments are exchanged.
2. Conjugation - the transfer of DNA mediated by conjugal plasmids or conjugal transposons; requires cell to cell contact but can occur between distantly related bacteria or even bacteria and eukaryotic cells; can transfer long fragments of DNA.
A classical experiment where they had 2 strains of bacteria one lethal and one harmless was used in the 19th century to study why certain bacteria where harm full and other bacteria where harmless.
What they did they infected a mouse with lethal mix and sure enough mouse died. Infection with harmless bacteria gave no effect. Now it was known by pasteur that when you heated bacteria they lost their ability to be lethal (they died). And sure enough when the mice was infected with the lethal bacteria the mice died. Now the researcher got creative what would happen if you put the heated lethal mixture in the UNheated non-lethal group. Now when the mice where infected with the heated-lethal-unheated-nonlethal mixture the mice died. This was a great finding surely some factor of the heated-lethal was still able to kill the mice. They spend years finding what this was and they found it was a strange molecule that was only found in nucleus.
Now we know that this factor was DNA and they stumbled on horizontal gen transfer. Horizontal gene transfer is defined to be the movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides. It is most often thought of as a sexual process that requires a mechanism for the mobilization of chromosomal DNA among bacterial cells. However, because they are unable to reproduce sexually, bacterial species have acquired several mechanisms by which to exchange genetic materials.
1. Transformation - the uptake of naked DNA is a common mode of horizontal gene transfer that can mediate the exchange of any part of a chromosome; this process is most common in bacteria that are naturally transformable; typically only short DNA fragments are exchanged.
2. Conjugation - the transfer of DNA mediated by conjugal plasmids or conjugal transposons; requires cell to cell contact but can occur between distantly related bacteria or even bacteria and eukaryotic cells; can transfer long fragments of DNA.
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