Complex numbers: Evaluate ln(-e)
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Complex numbers: Evaluate ln(-e)

[From: ] [author: ] [Date: 12-11-06] [Hit: ]
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Using real numbers, ln(-e) is undefined, since you can't take the natural logarithm of a negative number, but I heard that this was possible using complex numbers.

What is ln(-e)?

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the brute force way:

ln(-e) = ln(-1 * e) = ln(-1) + ln(e) = 1 + ln(-1)

-1 = exp(i pi) = cos(pi) + i sin(pi) = -1 + i 0 = -1

ln(-e) = 1 + ln(-1) = 1 + ln(exp(i pi)) = 1 + i pi

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1+ipi ans

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ln(-e) = 1 + pi*i
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