Other domesticated animals have drastically evolved by artificial selection because humans have come to understand the process of evolution and use it in their favor (agriculture for instance). If you are a farmer that herds cattle to slaughter for meat, and you have a population of cows, you will want to choose the biggest bulls to breed so that future generations will be more meaty. Funny thing is, consumers used to like fat on their beef so fat was not selected against (and cows used to have more fat) but now consumers want more lean meat so farmers selectively breed their cattle to be more lean. Before you know it you can't even find a cow that is below a certain fat percentage. This is a direct example of the process of natural selection except its the environment that makes the decisions as to which animals live, not humans. It's kind of like a filter. You need certain traits to pass through the filter like resistance to a deadly virus or the ability to survive in hot climates.
Evolution applies to virtually all aspects of science. Our behaviors are the result of evolution. You don't like the smell of rotten food because your ancestors that were able to find that repulsive were discouraged from eating it and lived but those who failed to recognize that did not. That is why we find the smell of bacteria "bad." In addition, bacteria evolve resistance. We have to make new antibiotics ever 40 years or so because all of the sudden the bacteria do not respond to the same medication. Penicillin used to be the amazing cure all drug but not anymore. We've gone through 3 or 4 more new types of broad spectrum antibiotics.
Evolution has been widely accepted for the past 200 years, long before Darwin published his book. Darwin merely provided an explanation for HOW evolution happens. He said it is by the process of natural selection.
Scientists look at concrete real evidence of fossils and bones and look at DNA and compare ribosomal RNA sequences, look at protein structures, morphological characteristics, etc. My point is, a tremendous amount of observation and evidence has made evolution the excepted view of how organisms today came to exist.