This was a question off of an old differential equations test.
Find the first 7 terms of the fundamental series (around 0) of the following differential equation.
xy'' + y'+xy = 0 , xo = 0
10 points to the most comprehensive and easy to follow reply!
:)
Find the first 7 terms of the fundamental series (around 0) of the following differential equation.
xy'' + y'+xy = 0 , xo = 0
10 points to the most comprehensive and easy to follow reply!
:)
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Let y = sum {an x^n} = a0 + a1*x + ...
y' = sum{ n*an*x^{n-1} }
= a1 + 2*a2*x + 3*a3*x^2 + ...
y'' = sum{ n*(n-1)*an*x^{n-2} }
= 2*a2 + 6*a3*x + 12*a4*x^2 + ...
Now, plugging into the DE,
sum{ n*(n-1)*an*x^{n-1} } + sum{ n*an*x^{n-1} } + sum{ an * x^{n+1} } = 0
a1 + (2*a2+2*a2 + a0)*x + (6*a3 + 3*a3 + a1)x^2 + ...( n*(n-1)*an + n*an + a{n-2})x^{n+1}... = 0
This series solution must be identically zero for all x; so after grouping like powers of x, each term will be set to zero:
O(1): a1 = 0.
O(x): 4*a2 + a0 = 0
.
.
.
O(x^{n+1}): n^2*an + a{n-2} = 0
The choice of a0 is left arbitrary here, and a1=0 from the above condition. This will cause all odd coefficients (and thus all odd powers of x in the series) to vanish. The coefficients can be found in closed form:
an = (-1/n^2)*a{n-2}
=(-1/n^2)*(-1/(n-2)^2)*a{n-4}
.
.
.
= (-1)^(n/2) * product ( 1/k^2 )
where the product is taken over all even numbers k from 2 to n. Thus,
a2 = -a0/2^2
a4 = a0/( 2^2 * 4^2 )
a6 = -a0/( 2^2 * 4^2 * 6^2 )
...
This should cover the first 7 terms:
y(x) = a0 + 0*x -a0/4 *x^2 + 0*x^3 +a0/64 * x^4 + 0*x^5 - a0/ 2304 * x^6 -...
y' = sum{ n*an*x^{n-1} }
= a1 + 2*a2*x + 3*a3*x^2 + ...
y'' = sum{ n*(n-1)*an*x^{n-2} }
= 2*a2 + 6*a3*x + 12*a4*x^2 + ...
Now, plugging into the DE,
sum{ n*(n-1)*an*x^{n-1} } + sum{ n*an*x^{n-1} } + sum{ an * x^{n+1} } = 0
a1 + (2*a2+2*a2 + a0)*x + (6*a3 + 3*a3 + a1)x^2 + ...( n*(n-1)*an + n*an + a{n-2})x^{n+1}... = 0
This series solution must be identically zero for all x; so after grouping like powers of x, each term will be set to zero:
O(1): a1 = 0.
O(x): 4*a2 + a0 = 0
.
.
.
O(x^{n+1}): n^2*an + a{n-2} = 0
The choice of a0 is left arbitrary here, and a1=0 from the above condition. This will cause all odd coefficients (and thus all odd powers of x in the series) to vanish. The coefficients can be found in closed form:
an = (-1/n^2)*a{n-2}
=(-1/n^2)*(-1/(n-2)^2)*a{n-4}
.
.
.
= (-1)^(n/2) * product ( 1/k^2 )
where the product is taken over all even numbers k from 2 to n. Thus,
a2 = -a0/2^2
a4 = a0/( 2^2 * 4^2 )
a6 = -a0/( 2^2 * 4^2 * 6^2 )
...
This should cover the first 7 terms:
y(x) = a0 + 0*x -a0/4 *x^2 + 0*x^3 +a0/64 * x^4 + 0*x^5 - a0/ 2304 * x^6 -...