Mitochondria and plastids are similar in size to bacteria.-God jizzed under a rock and out crawled a manlizard LOL nah we iver evolved or God Created us ...-The universe consists of matter and energy in space and time. After atoms coalesced out of the initial big bang,......
Plastids are present in very different groups of protists, some of which are closely related to forms lacking plastids. This suggests that if chloroplasts originated de novo, they did so multiple times, in which case their close similarity to each other is difficult to explain.
Many of these protists contain "primary" plastids that have not yet been acquired from other plastid-containing eukaryotes.
Among eukaryotes that acquired their plastids directly from bacteria (known as Primoplantae), the glaucophyte algae have chloroplasts that strongly resemble cyanobacteria. In particular, they have a peptidoglycan cell wall between the two membranes.
Mitochondria and plastids are similar in size to bacteria.
God jizzed under a rock and out crawled a manlizard LOL nah we iver evolved or "God" Created us ...
The universe consists of matter and energy in space and time. After atoms coalesced out of the initial big bang, they formed galaxy-sized stars, which blew up and formed more stars and more elements. Our sun is at least a fifth-generation star. Around it is at least one planet with all the elements needed to make life as we know it and temperatures in the liquid water range--which means zillions of chemical changes a second.
Some chemical species are more stable than others. It has been demonstrated that amino acids and many other life-substances would be produced in abundance in nature by the inputs of energy under the conditions thought to exist on the pre-biotic Earth. The most important of these are the building blocks of RNA, an heredity molecule that makes proteins and is a bit more primitive than the DNA you have heard about. Martell showed that radiation makes RNA "nucleotides" join together, or polymerize ( J. Molec Evol 35:346-355). There was plenty of radiation in the primitive earth--and still is today in many sources of phosphorus, which is part of RNA (and DNA and other metabolic biochemicals).
Westheimer's classic "Why Nature Chose Phosphates (Science 235, 1173-1178) showed that phosphates would hold carbonaceous compounds inside a membrane. And Martin and Russell showed in 2003 that certain common undersea minerals would form cell-like structures that served as membranes and a nursery for primitive proto-life.
