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1. Red shift. On a large scale galaxies are moving away from each other. This can be seen by their red shifted light, produced by the Doppler effect. Extrapolate back using the Hubble constant and it gives an age of about 13.7 billion years.
1. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The entire universe contains a low level of heat energy called the Cosmic Microwave Background. This is the background energy left over from the Big Bang. Expansion of the Universe has caused it to spread out so that it is only about a couple of degrees above absolute zero, but it is the amount of energy that is consistent with the energy released by a Big Bang event 13.7 billion years ago or so. The CMB was known about for a long time, but it is only recently spacecraft have been specially designed to map it. The distribution is consistent with the Physics of the Big Bang.
3. The Age of stars. The oldest stars are a little younger than the age of the Universe based on the Big Bang Theory.
4. Abundance of Hydrogen and Helium. The physics of the Big Bang say that the original matter in the Universe should have been about 75% hydrogen, 25% helium, and trace amounts of lithium. I don't have the exact numbers with me so I may be off a little. This model successfully predicted the relative abundance of these elements as observed today.
5. Particle accelerators. Particle accelerators are designed to simulate the high energy densities that existed soon after the Big Bang. The findings from particle accelerators have confirmed many of the theoretical models of the conditions after the Big Bang, and scientists can now confidently describe the Universe back to a fraction of a second after it happened.
6. Telescopes looking across the Universe. As we look across the Universe, we look back in time. Light that takes Billions of years to get here shows us how things were Billions of years ago. In this way, astronomers can see the Universe in progressively more primitive states as they look across the Universe, back through time.
1. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The entire universe contains a low level of heat energy called the Cosmic Microwave Background. This is the background energy left over from the Big Bang. Expansion of the Universe has caused it to spread out so that it is only about a couple of degrees above absolute zero, but it is the amount of energy that is consistent with the energy released by a Big Bang event 13.7 billion years ago or so. The CMB was known about for a long time, but it is only recently spacecraft have been specially designed to map it. The distribution is consistent with the Physics of the Big Bang.
3. The Age of stars. The oldest stars are a little younger than the age of the Universe based on the Big Bang Theory.
4. Abundance of Hydrogen and Helium. The physics of the Big Bang say that the original matter in the Universe should have been about 75% hydrogen, 25% helium, and trace amounts of lithium. I don't have the exact numbers with me so I may be off a little. This model successfully predicted the relative abundance of these elements as observed today.
5. Particle accelerators. Particle accelerators are designed to simulate the high energy densities that existed soon after the Big Bang. The findings from particle accelerators have confirmed many of the theoretical models of the conditions after the Big Bang, and scientists can now confidently describe the Universe back to a fraction of a second after it happened.
6. Telescopes looking across the Universe. As we look across the Universe, we look back in time. Light that takes Billions of years to get here shows us how things were Billions of years ago. In this way, astronomers can see the Universe in progressively more primitive states as they look across the Universe, back through time.
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