What causes the distance of electrons around a nucleus?

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answers:
Jeffrey K say: The most probable distance of an electron from the nucleus is determined by the energy that the electron has. That determines what energy level it is in. But the details involve quantum mechanics and the Schrödinger equation.
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goring say: Heat radiation keeps the electron at a distance from the nucleus.When heat is removed from hydrogen atom the atom becomes frozen at 0 degree Kelvin temperature energy. The electron has lost a certain amount of mass and by the same token its orbital speed reaches near light speed.
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BigBird say: An electron orbital consist of resonant 3D standing wave. The probability that the electron will interact
with something else at a given point is determined by the amplitude of the wave at that point.
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Andrew Smith say: According to what theory. Classical theory or quantum theory.
If you view the electron as an orbiting charged body which is attracted by a positive nucleus then the radius of orbit is defined by the amount of energy that the electron contains.
However the Bohr refinement determined that the electron has a wave and can only exist at distances where a whole number of waves fitted around the orbit. So that there were only certain fixed radii at which the electron can be located.

In quantum mechanics the electron does not HAVE a fixed distance around the nucleus. Its position can be represented as a probability smear through the space around the nucleus.
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