25 higher than the relatedness to any offspring these sisters would have. Therefore, by the Hamilton rule, those females choose not to reproduce, but instead help their more relatedsisters.In a 1984 journal article,......
The ultimate example of altruism can be seen in eusocial animals. Eusociality is a system where a cast of organisms, the workers, that are born and rarely reproduce themselves but instead are charged with the task of guarding and helping the one productive “Queen” female. This system is called a Haplodiploid system since the females of this system are diploid; the males in this social system are all haploid, being born from unfertilized cells and that is the reason for the lack of reproduction in other females. Here is where Hamilton’s rule really holds its weight, since once the queen female and the male of a Haplodiploid system were to reproduce and give birth to female offspring, the whole genome of the father would be transferred to the offspring and half of the diploid mother’s genome would be transferred to her daughters. The daughter’s relatedness would be .5 from their father and .25 from their mother, giving them a .75 relatedness between sisters which is .25 higher than the relatedness to any offspring these sisters would have. Therefore, by the Hamilton rule, those females choose not to reproduce, but instead help their more related sisters.
In a 1984 journal article, J. Philippe Rushton, Robin J. H. Russell, and Pamela A. Wells presented the genetic similarity theory (GST). GST generalizes the theory of kin selection by stating that a gene ensures its own survival by acting so that an organism reproduces with another organism where copies of the gene are found. What this is saying is that rather than only displaying altruism towards kin (i.e. kin selection) organisms are able to detect genetic similarities with others and favor those with genetic similarities whether they are strangers or close relatives. They performed several studies including assortative mating and kin recognition studies where they were raised apart. They then created two versions of GST. The strong version suggests that organisms, including humans, are more attracted to certain phenotypes based on genetic similarity recognition. The weak version suggests that organisms are able to detect genetic similarities which is acquired through exposure to certain stimuli. They concluded that individuals are able to detect genetic similarities in others, but further study is needed. This theory could be used in future research in both evolution and human behaviour.